Bitandukaniye he?

VIH (Virus itera ubudahangarwa buke) ni virusi yibasira uturemangingo tw'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri twitwa CD4 T cells, bigatuma umubiri ugenda ugira intege nke zo kurwanya indwara.

SIDA (AIDS) ni icyiciro cya nyuma cy'ubwandu bwa VIH iyo umuntu atavuwe cyangwa ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bwarangiritse cyane.

Nubwo VIH ikiri ikibazo gikomeye cy'ubuzima rusange ku isi, iterambere ry'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi (ART/ARVs) ryatumye abantu benshi bafite VIH babaho ubuzima burebure kandi bwiza.

1. VIH si kimwe na SIDA

Abantu benshi bakoresha aya magambo nk'aho asobanura ikintu kimwe, ariko si ko biri.

• VIH ni virusi (agakoko gatera sida).
• SIDA ni icyiciro cy'indwara giterwa na VIH iyo itavuwe.

Iyo umuntu afata imiti neza kandi agakomeza gukurikiranwa n'abaganga, ashobora kubana na VIH imyaka myinshi ataragera kuri SIDA.

2. Ushobora kubana na VIH imyaka myinshi utazi ko uyifite

Mu byumweru bya mbere nyuma yo kwandura, bamwe bagira ibimenyetso bisa n'ibicurane, ariko abandi ntibagira ikintu na kimwe.

Nyuma yaho, umuntu ashobora kumara imyaka myinshi yumva ameze neza nubwo virusi ikomeje kwangiza ubudahangarwa bwe.

Kwipimisha ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kumenya niba umuntu afite VIH cyangwa atayifite.

3. Umuntu ufata imiti neza ashobora kutanduza uwo baryamana

Iyo umuntu afata imiti ya ARVs buri munsi nk'uko yabitegetswe, virusi ishobora kugabanuka ikagera ku rwego rutaboneka mu maraso (Undetectable Viral Load).

Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko umuntu uri kuri urwo rwego ntiyanduza VIH mu mibonano mpuzabitsina. Ibi bizwi nka U = U (Undetectable = Untransmittable)

Ibi bisaba ko umuntu akomeza gufata imiti neza kandi agakurikiranwa kwa muganga.

4. Abana bavukanye na VIH bashobora gukura neza

Mbere ya za 1990, abana benshi bavukanaga na VIH ntibamaraga igihe kinini.

Ubu, kubera imiti ya ARVs no gukurikiranwa kwa muganga, benshi:

• barangiza amashuri,
• bakora,
• bashaka,
• babyara,
• kandi babaho ubuzima busanzwe.

5. VIH ntandurira mu bikorwa bisanzwe bya buri munsi

VIH ntiyandurira mu:

• guhana ibiganza,
• guhoberana,
• gusangira ibiryo cyangwa amazi,
• gukoresha ubwiherero bumwe,
• gukorakoranaho mu buzima bwa buri munsi,
• kurumwa n'umubu cyangwa ibindi byonnyi.

VIH yandurira gusa iyo amazi y'umubiri ashobora kuyitwara (nk'amaraso, amasohoro, cyangwa amata yonsa) yinjiye mu mubiri w'undi muntu mu buryo bushobora gutera ubwandu.

6. Ibyago byo kwanduza biba byinshi mu ntangiriro z'ubwandu

Mu byumweru bya mbere nyuma yo kwandura, virusi iba ari nyinshi cyane mu mubiri (acute HIV infection).

Muri iki gihe:

• umuntu ashobora kutamenya ko yanduye,
• kandi ashobora kugira ubushobozi bwo kwanduza kurusha mu bindi bihe.

Kwipimisha ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kumenya niba umuntu afite VIH cyangwa atayifite.

7. Hari imiti ifasha kwirinda VIH

Hari uburyo bubiri bukomeye bwo kwirinda VIH hifashishijwe imiti.

7.1. PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)

Ni imiti ifatwa mbere yo guhura n'ibyago byo kwandura, cyane cyane ku bantu bafite ibyago byinshi.

7.2. PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis)

Ni imiti itangira gufatwa mu masaha atarenze 72 nyuma yo guhura n'ibyago byo kwandura. Iyo itangiye hakiri kare kandi igafatwa uko bikwiye, ishobora kugabanya cyane amahirwe yo kwandura.

8. Hari igihe ibipimo bitahita bigaragaza VIH

Nyuma yo kwandura, hari igihe bita window period, aho umuntu ashobora kuba yaranduye ariko ibipimo bikaba bitarayigaragaza.

Igihe cya window period giterwa n'ubwoko bw'igipimo cyakoreshejwe.

Ni yo mpamvu muganga ashobora kugusaba kongera kwipimisha nyuma y'igihe runaka niba warahuye n'ibyago byo kwandura.

9. Kugeza ubu nta muti ukiza VIH burundu

Nubwo hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi bukomeje gukorwa, kugeza ubu:

• nta muti ukuraho VIH burundu,
• nta rukingo rwemewe ruyirinda ku rwego rusange.

Ariko imiti ya ARVs igenzura virusi neza cyane ku buryo abantu benshi babaho ubuzima busanzwe.

10. Umubyeyi ufite VIH ashobora kubyara umwana udafite VIH

Iyo umubyeyi:

• afata ARVs neza,
• akitabwaho n'abaganga,
• agakurikiza inama zose zo kubungabunga ubuzima bwe n'ubwa mwana,

ibyago byo kwanduza umwana biragabanuka cyane, haba igihe cyo gutwita, kubyara cyangwa konsa.

VIH yibasira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, si amaraso gusa

Virusi yibasira cyane CD4 T cells, uturemangingo dufasha umubiri kurwanya indwara.

Iyo utu turemangingo tugabanutse cyane, umubiri uba ushobora kwibasirwa n'indwara zitajya zifata abantu bafite ubudahangarwa busanzwe.

Ibimenyetso bishobora kugaragara mu ntangiriro

Abantu bamwe bagira:

• umuriro,
• kubabara mu muhogo,
• kubyimba udufuko tw'intanga (lymph nodes),
• uduheri ku mubiri,
• umunaniro,
• kubabara imikaya.

Abandi ntibagira ibimenyetso na bimwe.

Uko wakwirinda VIH

• Koresha agakingirizo neza kandi buri gihe igihe bikwiye.
• Ipimishe VIH niba warahuye n'ibyago cyangwa nk'uko ubigirwa inama.
• Tekereza kuri PrEP niba ufite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura.
• Tangira PEP vuba bishoboka (mu masaha atarenze 72) nyuma yo guhura n'ibyago.
• Ntugasangize inshinge cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bikomeretsa uruhu.
• Niba utwite kandi ufite VIH, kurikiza inama z'abaganga kugira ngo ugabanye ibyago byo kwanduza umwana.

Icy'ingenzi

VIH ni indwara ikomeye, ariko si urubanza rwo kubaho ubuzima bugufi. Ubumenyi bwa siyansi n'iterambere ry'imiti byatumye abantu bafite VIH bashobora kubaho ubuzima burebure, gukora, kwiga, gushaka no kubyara abana bafite ubuzima bwiza igihe bafata imiti uko bikwiye kandi bakitabwaho n'abaganga.